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电站锅炉过热器爆管原因及对策

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哈尔滨电气 发表于 2007-8-17 10:30:30 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |正序浏览 |阅读模式
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">陈</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">刚</span><a title="" href="http://bbs.eptchina.cn/post.asp?action=new&amp;boardid=3#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">刘发圣</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><p></p></span></sup></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">华中科技大学,煤燃烧国家重点实验室,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">湖北</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">武汉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">430074</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">【摘</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">要】</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">锅炉四管的爆漏问题长期以来一直是导致国内外火电机组强迫停机的主要原因。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">我国火电事故的统计表明电站锅炉受热面管子爆漏约占全部锅炉事故的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">70%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,其中过热器再热器约占</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">35%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。而且随着旧机组服役时间的增加及新机组投产量和参数的提高,这类事故还有逐年上升的趋势,是影响安全发供电的主要因素。本文针对导致爆管的机理和成因</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">从设计</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">、</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">制造、运行、管理及安装检修质量等方面进行了比较详细的分析和研究,并提出了防范措施。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">【关键词】</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                </font></span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">电站锅炉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">过热器</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">失效</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">爆管</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">【</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><font face="Times New Roman">Abstract</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">】</span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">
                                </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">For a long time</span></font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">the leak question of four tube in boiler is a main reason that causes the domestic and international thermal power unit shut down. In our country, the statistics of thermal power accident reveal that the leaks of power station boiler </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">is</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> heated surface account for 70% of all boiler accident, among that </span></font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">superheater and reheater account for 35% approximately. Furthermore, with the increase of active service time for old aircrew and the rise of putting into production quantity and parameter for new aircrew, this kind of accidents have the trend to rise year by year</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">which is a main factor to influence the security of generating and supplying power. This paper aims at the mechanism and formation of causing leak</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">and then carries on detailed analysis and study from design, make, operation, management and installation and overhauling quality</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">etc, moreover, has put forward the precautionary measures. <p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">【</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><font face="Times New Roman">Key words</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">】</span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">power station boilers</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Superheater<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Invalidation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Tube blasting<p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">0 </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">前言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">随着我国电力工业建设的迅猛发展,各种类型的大容量火力发电机组不断涌现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">锅炉结构及运行更加趋于复杂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">不可避免地导致并联各管内的流量与吸热量发生差异。当工作在恶劣条件下的承压受热部件的工作条件与设计工况偏离时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">就容易造成锅炉爆管。</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">事实上,当爆管发生时常采用所谓快速维修的方法,如喷涂或衬垫焊接来修复,一段时间后又再爆管。爆管在同一根管子、同一种材料或锅炉的同一区域的相同断面上反复发生,这一现象说明锅炉爆管的根本问题还未被解决。因此,了解过热器爆管事故的直接原因和根本原因,搞清管子失效的机理,并提出预防措施,减少过热器爆管的发生是当前的首要问题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">过热器爆管的直接原因</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">造成过热器、再热器爆管的直接原因有很多,主要可以从以下几个方面来进行分析。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">设计因素</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">热力计算结果与实际不符</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">热力计算不准的焦点在于炉膛的传热计算,即如何从理论计算上较合理的确定炉膛出口烟温和屏式过热器的传热系数缺乏经验,致使过热器受热面的面积布置不够恰当,造成一、二次汽温偏离设计值或受热面超温。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">设计时选用系数不合理</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">如华能上安电厂由</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">B&amp;W</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公司设计、制造的“</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">W</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”型锅炉,选用了不合理的受热面系数,使炉膛出口烟温实测值比设计值高</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">80</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">100</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃;又如富拉尔基发电总厂</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号炉</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(HG-670/140-6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">选用的锅炉高宽比不合理,使炉膛出口实测烟温高于设计值</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">160</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">炉膛选型不当</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">我国大容量锅炉的早期产品,除计算方法上存在问题外,缺乏根据燃料特性选择炉膛尺寸的可靠依据,使设计出的炉膛不能适应煤种多变的运行条件。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">炉膛结构不合理,导致过热器超温爆管。炉膛高度偏高,引起汽温偏低。相反,炉膛高度偏低则引起超温。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">过热器系统结构设计及受热面布置不合理</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">调研结果表明,对于大容量电站锅炉,过热器结构设计及受热面布置不合理,是导致一、二次汽温偏离设计值或受热面超温爆管的主要原因之一。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">过热器系统结构设计及受热面布置的不合理性体现在以下几个方面:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(1)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">过热器管组的进出口集箱的引入、引出方式布置不当,使蒸汽在集箱中流动时静压变化过大而造成较大的流量偏差。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(2)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">对于蒸汽由径向引入进口集箱的并联管组,因进口集箱与引入管的三通处形成局部涡流,使得该涡流区附近管组的流量较小,从而引起较大的流量偏差。引进美国</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">CE</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">公司技术设计的配</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">300MW</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">600MW</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">机组的控制循环锅炉屏再与末再之间不设中间混合集箱,屏再的各种偏差被带到末级去,导致末级再热器产生过大的热偏差。如宝钢自备电厂、华能福州和大连电厂配</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">350MW</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">机组锅炉,石横电厂配</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">300MW</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">机组锅炉以及平坪电厂配</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">600MW</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">机组锅炉再热器超温均与此有关。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(3)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">因同屏</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">片</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">并联各管的结构</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">如管长、内径、弯头数</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">差异,引起各管的阻力系数相差较大,造成较大的同屏</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">片</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">流量偏差、结构偏差和热偏差,如陡河电厂日立</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">850t/h</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">锅炉高温过热器超温就是如此。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(4)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">过热器或再热器的前后级之间没有布置中间混合联箱而直接连接,或者未进行左右交叉,这样使得前后级的热偏差相互叠加。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在实际运行过程中,上述结构设计和布置的不合理性往往是几种方式同时存在,这样加剧了受热面超温爆管的发生。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">壁温计算方法不完善,导致材质选用不当</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">从原理上讲,在对过热器和再热器受热面作壁温校核时,应保证偏差管在最危险点的壁温也不超过所用材质的许用温度。而在实际设计中,由于对各种偏差的综合影响往往未能充分计及,导致校核点计算壁温比实际运行低,或者校核点的选择不合理,这样选用的材质就可能难以满足实际运行的要求,或高等级钢材未能充分利用。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">计算中没有充分考虑热偏差</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">如淮北电厂</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号炉过热器在后屏设计中没有将前屏造成的偏差考虑进去,影响了管材的正确使用,引起过热器爆管。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">制造工艺、安装及检修质量</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">从实际运行状况来看,由于制造厂工艺问题、现场安装及电厂检修质量等原因而造成的过热器和再热器受热面超温爆管与泄漏事故也颇为常见,其主要问题包括以下几个方面。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">焊接质量差</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">如大同电厂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号炉,在进行锅炉过热器爆管后的换管补焊时,管子对口处发生错位,使管子焊接后存在较大的残余应力,管壁强度降低,长期运行后又发生泄漏。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">联箱中间隔板焊接问题</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">联箱中间隔板在装隔板时没有按设计要求加以满焊,引起联箱中蒸汽短路,导致部分管子冷却不良而爆管。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">联箱管座角焊缝问题</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">据调查,由于角焊缝未焊透等质量问题引起的泄漏或爆管事故也相当普遍。如神头电厂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号炉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">捷克</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">650t/h</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">亚临界直流锅炉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">包墙过热器出口联箱至混合联箱之间导汽管曾在水压试验突然断裂飞脱,主要原因是导汽管与联箱连接的管角焊缝存在焊接冷裂纹。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">异种钢管的焊接间题</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在过热器和再热器受热面中,常采用奥氏体钢材的零件作为管卡和夹板,也有用奥氏体管作为受热面以提高安全裕度。奥氏体钢与珠光体钢焊接时,由于膨胀系数相差悬殊,已发生过数次受热面管子撕裂事故。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">此外,一种钢管焊接时往往有接头两边壁厚不等的问题,不同壁厚主蒸汽管的焊接接头损坏事故也多次发生。一些厂家认为,在这种情况下应考虑采用短节,以保证焊接接头两侧及其热影响区范围内壁厚不变。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">普通焊口质量问题</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">锅炉的受热面绝大多数是受压元件,尤其是过热器和再热器系统,其管内工质的温度和压力均很高,工作状况较差,此时对于焊口质量的要求就尤为严格。但在实际运行中,由于制造厂焊口、安装焊口和电厂检修焊口质量不合格</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">如焊口毛刺、砂眼等</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">而引起的爆管、泄漏事故相当普遍,其后果也相当严重。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管子弯头椭圆度和管壁减薄问题</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">GB9222-88</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">水管锅炉受压无件强度计算标准规定了弯头的椭圆度,同时考虑了弯管减薄所需的附加厚度。该标准规定,对弯管半径</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">R&gt;4D</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的弯头,弯管椭圆度不大于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。但实测数据往往大于此值,最大达</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">21%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,有相当一部分弯头的椭圆度在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">12%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">之间。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">另外,实测数据表明,有不少管子弯头的减薄量达</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">23%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">28%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,小于直管的最小需要壁厚。因此,希望对弯管工艺加以适当的改进,以降低椭圆度和弯管减薄量,或者增加弯头的壁厚。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">异物堵塞管路</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">锅炉在长期运行中,锈蚀量较大,但因管径小,无法彻底清除,管内锈蚀物沉积在管子底部水平段或弯头处,造成过热而爆管。在过热器的爆管事故中,由干管内存在制造、安装或检修遗留物引起的事故也占相当的比例。如长春热电二厂</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号炉因管路堵塞造成短时超温爆管。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管材质量问题</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">钢材质量差。管子本身存在分层、夹渣等缺陷,运行时受温度和应力影响缺陷扩大而爆管。由于管材本身的质量不合格造成的爆破事故不像前述几个问题那么普遍,但在运行中也确实存在。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">错用钢材</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">如靖远电厂</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">号炉的制造、维修过程中,应该用合金钢的高温过热器出口联箱管座错用碳钢,使碳钢管座长期过热爆破。为此,在制造厂制造加工和电厂检修时应注意严格检查管材的质量,加以避免。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">安装质量问题</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">如扬州发电厂</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">DG-670/140-8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型固态排渣煤粉炉的包墙过热器未按照图纸要求施工,使管子排列、固定和膨胀间隙出现问题,从而导致爆管。这类问题在机组试运行期间更为多见。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><font face="Times New Roman">1.3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">调温装置设计不合理或不能正常工作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">为确保锅炉的安全、经济运行,除设计计算应力求准确外,汽温调节也是很重要的一环。大容量电站锅炉的汽温调节方式较多,在实际运行中,由于调温装置原因带来的问题也较多,据有关部门调查,配</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">200MW</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">机组的锅炉</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">80%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">以上的再热蒸汽调温装置不能正常使用。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">减温水系统设计不合理</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">某些锅炉在喷水减温系统设计中,往往用一只喷水调节阀来调节一级喷水的总量,然后将喷水分别左右两个回路。这时,当左右侧的燃烧工况或汽温有较大偏差时,就无法用调整左右侧喷水量来平衡两侧的汽温。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">喷水减温器容量不合适</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">喷水式减温器一般设计喷水量约为锅炉额定蒸发量的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,但配</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">200MW</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">机组的锅炉由于其汽温偏离设计值问题比较突出,许多电厂均发现喷水减温器容量不够。如:邢台电厂、沙角</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">电厂和通辽电厂等都将原减温水管口放大,以满足调温需要;对再热蒸汽,由于大量喷水对机组运行的经济性影响较大,故设计时再热蒸汽的微量喷水一般都很小,或不用喷水。然而,在实际运行中,因再热器超温,有些电厂不得不用加大喷水量来解决。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">喷水减温器调节阀调节性能问题</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">喷水减温器的喷水调节阀的调节性能也是影响减温系统调温效果的因素之一。调研结果表明,许多国产阀门的调节性能比较差,且漏流严重,这在一定程度上影响了机组的可靠性和经济性。</span></p>
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12#
yy0327 发表于 2008-4-21 18:46:49 | 只看该作者
<p>好东西给大家看看吧呵呵</p>[em02]
11#
SoS_525 发表于 2008-4-17 10:41:33 | 只看该作者
好~~顶!!
10#
linsen 发表于 2007-11-29 16:52:31 | 只看该作者
<p>好资料,对锅炉四管的爆管规律研究的很透,很有借鉴参考作用.谢了!</p>
9#
zhengzong3d 发表于 2007-11-24 17:37:39 | 只看该作者
[em01][em01][em01]
8#
zhang1999 发表于 2007-10-11 07:55:14 | 只看该作者
haode xiexie
7#
草原猎人 发表于 2007-9-26 23:27:56 | 只看该作者
看看不到
6#
草原猎人 发表于 2007-9-26 23:27:05 | 只看该作者
<p>我看看啊</p>
5#
草原猎人 发表于 2007-9-26 23:25:11 | 只看该作者
好资料
4#
liulang 发表于 2007-9-21 10:35:21 | 只看该作者
一定努力的发帖哦 发到手脚发软为止楼主你也太狠心了吗
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