锅炉发展史(一)

yingyingsyy · 发表于 2007-4-5 13:32:27

锅炉发展史(一)<div style="

ADDING-RIGHT: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 10px; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; OVERFLOW-X: hidden; WIDTH: 97%; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 24px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; HEIGHT: 200px; WORD-WRAP: break-word;">锅炉——利用燃料或其他能源的热能把水加热成为热水或蒸汽的机械设备。锅的原义是指在火上加热的盛水容器，炉是指燃烧燃料的场所，锅炉包括锅和炉两大部分。锅炉中产生的热水或蒸汽可直接为工业生产和人民生活提供所需要的热能，也可通过蒸汽动力装置转换为机械能，或再通过发电机将机械能转换为电能。提供热水的锅炉称为热水锅炉，主要用于生活，工业生产中也有少量应用。产生蒸汽的锅炉称为蒸汽锅炉，常简称为锅炉，多用于火电站、船舶、机车和工矿企业。
蒸汽锅炉有时又叫蒸汽发生器，是蒸汽动力装置的重要组成部分。电站锅炉、汽轮机和发电机是火力发电站的主机，因此电站锅炉是生产电能的重要设备。工业锅炉是在各种工业企业中提供生产和供暖所需的蒸汽的必不可少的设备。工业锅炉数量甚多，需要消耗大量燃料。利用生产过程中高温废气作为热源的余热锅炉对节能有重要作用。船用锅炉装在各种船舶上，所产生的蒸汽用于驱动蒸汽动力机械。机车锅炉作为蒸汽机车的主要设备尚有一定的应用。锅炉承受高温高压，安全问题十分重要。即使是小型锅炉，一旦发生爆炸，后果也十分严重。因此，对锅炉的材料选用、设计计算、制造和检验等都制订有严格的法规。
锅炉的发展分锅和炉两个方面。锅的发展：18世纪上半叶，英国煤矿使用的蒸汽机，包括J.瓦特的初期蒸汽机在内，所用的蒸汽压力等于大气压力。18世纪后半叶改用高于大气压力的蒸汽。19世纪，常用的蒸汽压力提高到 0.8兆帕左右。与此相适应，最早的蒸汽锅炉是一个盛水的大直径圆筒形立式锅壳，后来改用卧式锅壳
<img alt="图片点击可在新窗口打开查看" src="http://www.yzxddj.com/gl/1.jpg" border="0" style="WIDTH: 500px; CURSOR: pointer;"/>在锅壳下方砖砌炉体中烧火。随着锅炉越做越大，为了增加受热面积，在锅壳中加装火筒，在火筒前端烧火，烟气从火筒后面出来，通过砖砌的烟道排向烟囱并对锅壳的外部加热，称为火筒锅炉。开始只装一只火筒，称为单火筒锅炉或康尼许锅炉；后来加到两个火筒，称为双火筒锅炉或兰开夏锅炉。1830年左右，在掌握了优质钢管的生产和胀管技术之后出现了火管锅炉。一些火管装在锅壳中，构成锅炉的主要受热面，火（烟气）在管内流过。在锅壳的存水线以下装上尽量多的火管，称为卧式外燃回火管锅炉。它的金属耗量较低，但需要很大的砌体。为火筒火管锅炉，烟气流出火筒后再流过火管，称为苏格兰船用锅炉。其形状和尺寸可与轮船机舱配合较好，锅炉本身也较轻，所以一直在船舶上使用。机车锅炉在只有火管的锅壳前方装上一个包有水夹套的火箱，火箱下部装炉排烧火，布置紧凑，蒸汽机车均用这种锅炉。火筒锅炉和火管锅炉合称锅壳锅炉。火筒锅炉已趋淘汰，而火筒锅炉则仍在应用。      19世纪中叶，出现了水管锅炉。锅炉受热面是锅壳外的水管，取代了锅壳本身和锅壳内的火筒、火管。锅炉的受热面积和蒸汽压力的增加不再受到锅壳直径的限制，有利于提高锅炉蒸发量和蒸汽压力。这种锅炉中的圆筒形锅壳遂改名为锅筒，或称为汽包。初期的水管锅炉只用直水管，其发展见图2 <img alt="图片点击可在新窗口打开查看" src="http://www.yzxddj.com/gl/2.jpg" border="0" style="WIDTH: 500px; CURSOR: pointer;"/><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">直水管锅炉压力和容量都受到限制。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">20<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">世纪初期，汽轮机开始发展，它要求配以容量和蒸汽参数较高的锅炉。直水管锅炉已不能满足要求。随着制造工艺和水处理技术的发展，出现了弯水管式锅炉<img alt="图片点击可在新窗口打开查看" src="http://www.yzxddj.com/gl/3.jpg" border="0" style="CURSOR: pointer;"/><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">开始是采用多锅筒式。随着水冷壁、过热器和省煤器的应用和锅筒内部汽水分离元件的改进，锅筒数目逐渐减少，既节约了金属，又有利于提高锅炉的压力、温度、容量和效率。到<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">30<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">年代，已广泛应用<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">2<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">～<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">4<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">兆帕、<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">385<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">～<chmetcnv unitname="℃" sourcevalue="400" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" wst="on"></chmetcnv><chmetcnv></chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">400<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">℃<chmetcnv></chmetcnv><chmetcnv></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">的具有水冷壁的弯水管式锅炉配<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;"> 6<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">～<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">12<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">兆瓦的火电机组。第二次世界大战以后，锅炉工业发展很快。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">40<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">年代开始采用<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">10<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">兆帕、<chmetcnv unitname="℃" sourcevalue="510" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" wst="on"></chmetcnv><chmetcnv></chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">510<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">℃<chmetcnv></chmetcnv><chmetcnv></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">左右的配<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">50<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">兆瓦发电机组的锅炉<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">;50<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">年代开始采用<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">14<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">兆帕左右、<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">540<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">～<chmetcnv unitname="℃" sourcevalue="570" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" wst="on"></chmetcnv><chmetcnv></chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">570<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">℃<chmetcnv></chmetcnv><chmetcnv></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">的配<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">100<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">～<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">200<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">兆瓦发电机组的锅炉；<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">60<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">年代开始采用配<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">300<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">～<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">600<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">兆瓦发电机组的亚临界压力<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">(17<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">～<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">18.5<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">兆帕<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">)<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">锅炉；<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">70<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">年代最大的自然循环锅炉单台容量已达<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">850<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">兆瓦。以前的火筒锅炉、火管锅炉和水管锅炉都属于自然循环锅炉。<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">水汽在上升、下降管路中因受热情况不同造成密度差而产生自然流动。在发展自然循环锅炉的同时，从<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">30<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">年代开始应用直流锅炉。<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'times new roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">40<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-fareast-language: zh-cn; mso-bidi-language: ar-sa;">年代开始应用辅助循环锅炉。辅助循环锅炉又称强制循环锅炉<img alt="图片点击可在新窗口打开查看" src="http://www.yzxddj.com/gl/4.jpg" border="0" style="CURSOR: pointer;"/>它是在自然循环锅炉的基础上发展起来的。在下降管系统内加装循环泵，以加强蒸发受热面的水循环。
<img alt="图片点击可在新窗口打开查看" src="http://www.yzxddj.com/gl/6.jpg" border="0" style="WIDTH: 500px; CURSOR: pointer;"/>直流锅炉中没有锅筒,给水由给水泵送入省煤器，经水冷壁和过热器等蒸发受热面变成过热蒸汽送往汽轮机，各部分流动阻力全由给水泵来克服。第二次世界大战以后，这两种型式的锅炉得到较快发展，因为当时发电机组要求高温高压和大容量。发展这两种锅炉的目的是：缩小或不用锅筒，可以采用小直径管子作受热面，可以比较自由地布置受热面。随着自动控制和水处理技术的进步，它们渐趋成熟。70年代最大的单台辅助循环锅炉是17兆帕压力配1000兆瓦发电机组。在超临界压力时，直流锅炉是唯一可以采用的一种锅炉，70年代最大的单台容量是27兆帕压力配1300兆瓦发电机组。后来又发展了由辅助循环锅炉和直流锅炉复合而成的复合循环锅炉。炉的发展在锅炉的发展过程中，燃料种类对炉膛和燃烧设备有很大的影响。因此，不但要求发展各种炉型来适应不同燃料的燃烧特点，而且还要提高燃烧效率以节约能源。此外，炉膛和燃烧设备的技术改进还要求尽量减少锅炉排烟中的污染物（硫氧化物和氮氧化物）。早年的锅壳锅炉采用固定炉排，多燃用优质煤和木柴，加煤和除渣均用手工操作。直水管锅炉出现后开始采用机械化炉排，其中链条炉排得到了广泛的应用。炉排下送风从不分段的“统仓风”发展成分段送风。早期炉膛低矮，燃烧效率低。后来人们认识到炉膛容积和结构在燃烧中的作用，将炉膛造得较高，并采用炉和二次风，从而提高了燃烧效率。链条炉排能适应大多数煤种，但不能烧强粘结烟煤。下饲炉排也出现得很早，只适宜于烧优质烟煤。40年代出现了抛煤机。抛煤机可以配在固定火床上，也可以配在链条炉排上而成为抛煤机链条炉排。发电机组功率超过6兆瓦时,以上这些层燃炉的炉排尺寸太大，结构复杂，不易布置，所以20年代开始使用室燃炉，室燃炉燃烧煤粉和油。煤由磨煤机磨成煤粉后用燃烧器喷入炉膛燃烧，发电机组的容量遂不再受燃烧设备的限制。自第二次世界大战初起，电站锅炉几乎全部采用室燃炉。早年制造的煤粉炉采用了Ｕ形火焰。燃烧器喷出的煤粉气流在炉膛中先下降，再转弯上升。后来又出现了前墙布置的旋流式燃烧器，火焰在炉膛中形成 L形火炬。随着锅炉容量增大,旋流式燃烧器的数目也开始增加,可以布置在两侧墙，也可以布置在前后墙。1930年左右出现了布置在炉膛四角且大多成切圆燃烧方式的直流燃烧器。60年代某些国家曾在多角形炉膛中应用直流燃烧器的切圆燃烧方式,用以燃烧褐煤。第二次世界大战后,石油价廉，许多国家广泛采用燃油锅炉。燃油锅炉的自动化程度容易提高。70年代石油提价后，许多国家又转向利用煤炭资源。这时电站锅炉的容量也越来越大，要求燃烧设备不仅能燃烧完全，着火稳定，运行可*，低负荷性能好，还必须减少排烟中的污染物质。40～60年代，为了强化燃烧和减少飞灰，一度采用液态排渣煤粉炉和旋风炉，但由于采用这种燃烧方式生成的氮氧化物太多，从70年代起已较少采用。在燃煤（特别是燃褐煤）的电站锅炉中采用分级燃烧或低温燃烧技术，即延迟煤粉与空气的混合或在空气中掺烟气以减慢燃烧,或把燃烧器分散开来抑制炉温,不但可抑制氮氧化物生成，还能减少结渣。沸腾燃烧方式属于一种低温燃烧，除可燃用灰分十分高的固体燃料外，还可在沸腾床中掺入石灰石用以脱硫。参数锅炉参数是表示锅炉性能的主要指标，包括锅炉容量、蒸汽压力、蒸汽温度、给水温度等。锅炉容量可用额定蒸发量或最大连续蒸发量来表示。额定蒸发量是在规定的出口压力、温度和效率下，单位时间内连续生产的蒸汽量。最大连续蒸发量是在规定的出口压力、温度下，单位时间内能最大连续生产的蒸汽量。蒸发量的单位习惯上以吨／时表示，电站锅炉的容量也可用与之配套的汽轮发电机的电功率(兆瓦)来表示。</div>

ck009 · 发表于 2007-10-2 23:01:52

[em01]

guyunxiandu · 发表于 2007-12-15 10:27:24

gggggggggggggggggggg!

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