<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">防止措施</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">防止氧腐蚀应注意停炉保护</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">新炉起用时,应进行化学清洗,去除铁锈和脏物,在内壁形成一层均匀的保护膜;运行中使水质符合标准,适当减小</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">值或增加锅炉中氯化物和硫酸盐的含量。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">应力腐蚀裂纹</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">失效机理</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">这是指在介质含氯离子和高温条件下,由于静态拉应力或残余应力作用产生的管子破裂现象。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">产生失效的原因</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(1)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">介质中含氯离子、高温环境和受高拉应力,这是产生应力腐蚀裂纹的三个基本条件;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(2)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">在湿空气的作用下,也会造成应力腐蚀裂纹;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(3)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">启动和停炉时,可能有含氯和氧的水团进入钢管;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(4)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">加工和焊接引起的残余应力引起的热应力。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">故障位置</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">常发生在过热器的高温区管和取样管。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">爆口特征</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(1)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">爆口为脆性形貌,一般为穿晶应力腐蚀断口;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(2)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">爆口上可能会有腐蚀介质和腐蚀产物;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(3)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">裂纹具有树枝状的分叉特点,裂纹从蚀处产生,裂源较多。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">防止措施</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">防止应力腐蚀裂纹应注意去除管子的残余应力;加强安装期的保护,注意停炉时的防腐;防止凝汽器泄漏,降低蒸汽中的氯离子和氧的含量。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.6</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">热疲劳</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">失效机理</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">热疲劳是指炉管因锅炉启停引起的热应力、汽膜的反复出现和消失引起的热应力和由振动引起的交变应力作用而发生的疲劳损坏。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">产生失效的原因</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(1)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">烟气中的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">S</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Na</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">V</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Cl</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">等物质促进腐蚀疲劳损坏;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(2)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">炉膛使用水吹灰,管壁温度急剧变化,产生热冲击;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(3)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">超温导致管材的疲劳强度严重下降;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(4)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">按基本负荷设计的机组改变为调峰运行。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">故障位置</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">常发生在过热器高热流区域的管子外表面。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">防止措施</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">防止热疲劳产生的措施有改变交变应力集中区域的部件结构;改变运行参数以减少压力和温度梯度的变化幅度;设计时应考虑间歇运行造成的热胀冷缩;避免运行时机械振动;调整管屏间的流量分配,减少热偏差和相邻管壁的温度;适当提高吹灰介质的温度,降低热冲击。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.7</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">高温腐蚀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">失效机理</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">和</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Na<sub>2</sub>S04</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">等低熔点化合物破坏管子外表面的氧化保护层,与金属部件相互作用,在界面上生成新的松散结构的氧化物,使管壁减薄,导致爆管。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">产生失效的原因</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(1)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">燃料中含有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">V</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Na</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">和</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">S</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">等低熔点化合物;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(2)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">局部烟温过高,腐蚀性的低熔点化合物粘附在金属表面,导致高温腐蚀;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(3)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">腐蚀区内的覆盖物、烟气中的还原性气体和烟气的直接冲刷,将促进高温腐蚀的产生。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">故障位置</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">高温腐蚀常发生在过热器及吊挂和定位零件的向火侧外表面。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">爆口特征</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(l)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">裂纹萌生于管子外壁,断口为脆性厚唇式;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(2)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">沿纵向开裂,在相当于时钟面</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">点和</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">点处有浅沟槽腐蚀坑,呈鼠啃状;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(3)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">外壁有明显减薄,但不均匀,无明显胀粗;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(4)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">外壁有氧化垢,呈鳄鱼皮花样,垢中含黄色、白色、褐色产物,垢较疏松,为熔融状沉积物,最内层氧化物为硬而脆的黑灰色。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">防止措施</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">防止高温腐蚀的方法有控制局部烟温,防止低熔点腐蚀性化合物贴附在金属表面上;使烟气流程合理,尽量减少热偏差;在燃煤锅炉中加入</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">CaSO<sub>4</sub></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">和</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">MgSO<sub>4</sub></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">等附加剂;易发生高温腐蚀的区域采用表面防护层或设置挡板</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">除去管子表面的附着物。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.8</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">异种金属焊接</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">失效机理及原因</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">焊接接头处因两种金属的蠕变强度不匹配,以及焊缝界面附近的碳近移,使异种金属焊接界面断裂失效。其中,两种金属的蠕变强度相差极大是异种金属焊接早期失效的主要原因。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">故障位置</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">常发生在过热器出口两种金属的焊接接头处,当焊缝的蠕变强度相当于其中一种金属的蠕变强度时,断裂发生在另一种金属的焊缝界面上。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">防止措施</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">稳定运行是减少异种金属焊接失效最关键的因素;当两种金属焊接时,在其中加入具有中间蠕变强度的过渡段,使焊缝界面两侧蠕变强度差值明显减少;在过渡段的两侧选用性质不同的焊条,使其分别与两种金属的性质相匹配。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.9</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">质量控制失误</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">质量控制失误是指在制造、安装、运行中由于外界失误的因素所造成的损坏。质量控制失误的原因有:维修损伤;化学清理损伤;管材缺陷</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">管材金属不合格或错用管材</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">;焊接缺陷等。加强电厂运行、检修及各种制度的管理是防止质量控制失误出现的有效手段。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">结论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">造成大型电站锅炉过热器爆管的原因很多,只有对过热器爆管的直接原因和根本原因进行综合分析,才能从根本上解决锅炉爆管问题,有效地防止锅炉过热器爆管事故的发生。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">参考文献</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">张建国等</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">. </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">电站锅炉屏式过热器爆管分析</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[J]. </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">能源研究与利用,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1999,( 5):34</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">~</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">36</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">吴</span><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><font face="Times New Roman">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">磊等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">. 1025t/h</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">锅炉高温过热器爆管原因分析</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">[J]. </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">湖北电力</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">, 2004, 28(1): 23</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">26</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">郭鲁阳等</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">. </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">再热器结构布置对超温爆管的影响</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[J]</span><span lang="EN-US">. </span></font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">中国电力</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">, 1999, 32(5): 8</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">~</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">程绍兵等</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">. </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">大容量锅炉高温受热面超温失效原因及对策</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[J]</span><span lang="EN-US">. </span></font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">广东电力</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">, 2004, 17(2): 38</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">~</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">41</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">王仁志</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">等</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">. 1025t/h</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">锅炉末级过热器爆管原因分析</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[J]. </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">华东电力,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2000,(11):35</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">~</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">36</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">王</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">莹等</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">. </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">大型电站锅炉过热器爆管原因综述及对策</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[J]. </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">中国电力,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1998,31(10):26</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">~</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">29</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">肖向东等</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">. </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">电厂锅炉高温过热器爆管事故分析</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[J]. </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">热力发电,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1999,(2):56</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">~</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">58,62</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">赖</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">敏等</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">. </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">电站锅炉对流过热器爆管机理研究</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[J]. </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">湖南电力,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1998,(6):1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">~</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">周</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><font face="Times New Roman">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">昊等</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">. </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">根据爆口特征判断爆管原因</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[J]. </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">热力发电,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1995,(5):43</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">~</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">48</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">严</span><font face="Times New Roman">
</font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">立等</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">. </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">大型电站锅炉再热器爆管原因分析及对策</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[J]. </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">华北电力技术,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1999,(10):13</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">~</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></span></p><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all"/><font face="Times New Roman"><hr align="left" width="33%" size="1"/></font><div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"><p class="MsoFooter" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><a title="" href="http://bbs.eptchina.cn/post.asp?action=new&boardid=3#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><font size="2"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">作者简介:</span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">陈刚(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1965-</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">),男,教授,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">博导</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">,武汉,华中科技大学煤燃烧国家重点实验室(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">430074</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">)。</span></font></p><p class="MsoFooter" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 46.15pt; mso-char-indent-count: 5.11;"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">E-mail:</span></b><span lang="EN-US">gangchen@hust.edu.cn</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> </font></p></span></p></div></div> |