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[分享]工业锅炉的辅助设备及附件、仪表

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电力baby 发表于 2007-11-14 13:25:22 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
<div align="center"><table class="MsoNormalTable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="530" border="0" style="WIDTH: 397.5pt; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><table class="MsoNormalTable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" border="0" style="WIDTH: 100%; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><table class="MsoNormalTable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" border="0" style="WIDTH: 100%; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">工业锅炉的辅助设备及附件、仪表 <span lang="EN-US"><shapetype id="_x0000_t75" stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" opreferrelative="t" ospt="75" coordsize="21600,21600">
                                                                                                                                                <stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path oconnecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" oextrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" vext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape id="_x0000_i1025" alt="" type="#_x0000_t75" style="WIDTH: 11.25pt; HEIGHT: 12pt;"><imagedata ohref="http://blog.boiler.com.cn/images/jhinfo.gif" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\科技论坛\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif"></imagedata></shape><p></p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">第一节 辅助设备<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>一.给水设备:<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>   给水设备有以下几种:<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">1.</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">注水器:适用于蒸发量小,压力较低的锅炉。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">2.</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">蒸汽往复泵:在缺乏动力或作为给水备用设备的条件常被采用。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">3.</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">离心泵:正常条件下锅炉给水最常用的设备。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>二.通风设备:<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>通风设备通常指鼓风机和引风机烟囱。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">⒈ 鼓风机是将空气送入炉膛,使燃料燃烧的一种设备。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">⒉ 引风机是将炉膛内的烟气向外排的一种设备。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">⒊ 烟囱,一是产生“抽力”,使烟气顺烟卤升到高处;二是将烟气排到室外高空,避免锅炉区域污染。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>三.运煤设备<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>  由于锅炉房容量和耗煤量的大小不同,有机械上煤和人工上煤两种。许多容量不大的锅炉房常把这两种方法结合起来,即一部分用机械,一部分用人工,通常这种方法叫半上煤。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">1. </span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">人工上煤: 设备简单,灵活,不致因设备故障影响上煤,运用于用煤量不大的锅炉房。缺点是劳动强度大,卫生条件差。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">2. </span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">单斗提升机: 单斗提升机由卷扬机<span lang="EN-US">(</span>包括电机、减速器、滑轮、钢丝绳<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,料斗,导轨等部分组成。用于推车把煤从煤场运来倒入料斗后,启动卷扬机,使钢丝绳把料斗提起,并沿导轨送入炉前煤斗处,由料斗自动翻入煤斗,供锅炉燃用。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">3. </span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">电动葫芦。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">4. </span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">带式输送机。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">5. </span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">埋刮板输送机等。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>四.出灰设备<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>  锅炉出灰按其方式分类有人工、机械、水力和火力等四种出灰方式。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">1</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">.人工出灰<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>  人工出灰由运行人员将灰渣从灰坑中耙出,用水浇湿,装上小车再运出锅炉房外。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">2</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">.刮板出渣机<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>   锅炉的灰渣由灰斗经插入灰槽水中的落灰管落入灰槽内,起动传动装置, 带动链条在灰槽内缓慢地移动,链条带着刮板向前移动经斜坡而送至出渣口,湿灰渣经斜坡而得到脱水。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>   刮板出渣机出灰能力强,改善环境卫生,节省人力,但设备磨损严重,维修工作量大。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>  <span lang="EN-US"> 3.</span>螺旋出渣机<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>   螺旋出渣机是一种比较简单的出渣设备,它主要由驱动装置,螺旋机本体,进渣口和出渣口等几部分组成。一般运用于<span lang="EN-US">10t/h</span>以上的工业锅炉。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>五.除尘设备<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>  由于中小型锅炉中各种燃烧结构的出口烟尘浓度均远高于我国标准规定的最大允许烟尘浓度值,因此除了正确选择燃烧结构和提高操作水平,对燃煤锅炉还必须在锅炉后部设置除尘设备,将烟气中的尘粒捕集后再排入大气。  <span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">1.</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">重力沉降式除尘器<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">其原理是:当烟气进入较大空间流速降低时,较大颗粒的烟尘借助于自身重力,从烟气中靠重力自然沉降分离出来。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">2.</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">旋风除尘器<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">旋风除尘器又叫离心除尘器,其原理是含尘烟气在旋风除尘气内强烈地沿筒壁旋转,并逐渐沿筒壁以螺旋线运动下降。由于强烈的旋转所产生的离心力, 把烟尘抛向筒体内壁面,在壁面上的烟尘靠重力逐渐下降至除尘器的底部,并经集灰斗排出。净化后的烟气从除尘器中间的芯管排出。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>  <span lang="EN-US">1.</span>离心水磨除尘器<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">其原理是:烟气从圆筒型的壳体下部以高速切线方向进入,沿着筒壁旋转而上,而喷嘴沿着筒壳上部圆周切线方成均匀喷水,在筒壳内壁形成水膜时,由于离心力作用,烟尘被抛向筒壁,并被水膜粘住后和水膜一起流入锥形灰斗,由排灰口排出,净化的烟气则从壳体上部排出。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>            第二节 附件 、仪表<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">锅炉的附件及仪表是锅炉安全经济运行不可缺少的一个组成部分。如果锅炉的 附件不全,作用不可靠,全部或部分失灵,都会直接影响锅炉的正常运行。所以,必须保证锅炉的附件及仪表准确,灵敏,可靠。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>一.安全阀<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">安全阀是锅炉三大安全附件(安全阀,压力表,水位表)之一,其作用是保证锅炉排水时,由人工抬起,以排除或吸入空气。蒸气锅炉采用全启式安全阀,热水锅炉既可采用权启式又可采用微启式安全阀。在一定工作压力下安全运行。如果锅炉超过允许规定时,安全阀一方面产生较大音响,引起操作人员警觉,及时采取措施,另一方面起排气,减压作用,使锅炉压力迅速降低,保证锅炉安全。同时,锅炉在没有空气阀的情况下,安全阀可在冷炉进水时生火及无压排水时,由人工抬起,以排除或吸入空气。蒸汽锅炉采用全启式安全阀,热水锅炉既可采用全启式又可采用微启式安全阀。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">安全阀的安全操作与日常维护保养:<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">1.</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">锅炉安装或移装后,投入运行前,应对安全阀进行调查。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">2.</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">对于员全阀的泄漏,首先要分析其泄露原因,然后在采取措施。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">3.</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">安全阀经过调查校验后,应加锁或铅封。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">4.</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">要防止与安全阀无关的异物将安全阀压住,卡住,以保证安全  阀动作的可靠性。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">5.</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">安全阀使用一段时间后,为防止阀芯与阀座粘住,可定期进行手动或自动排汽(排水)试验,以检查安全阀动作的可靠性。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>二<span lang="EN-US">.</span>压力表<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">锅炉上使用的压力表是测量锅炉气压或水压大小的仪表。司炉人员可通过压力表的指示值,控制锅炉的气压升高或降低,对热水锅炉可了解循环水压力的波动,以保证锅炉在允许工作压力下安全运行。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">下列位置需装设压力表:<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">1</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">.热水锅炉的进水阀出口和出水阀进口。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">2</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">.热水锅炉循环水泵的进水管和出水管上。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">3</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">.蒸气锅炉给水调节阀前。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">4</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">.可分式省煤器出口。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">5</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">.蒸汽锅炉过热器出口和主汽阀之间。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">6</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">.燃油锅炉油泵进<span lang="EN-US">,</span>出口。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">7</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">.燃气锅炉气源入口。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>  三.水位表<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">水位表是锅炉主要安全附件之一,是利用液体连通各部位水面均在同一平面上的原理,监视锅筒(或锅壳)内水位的一种安全装置。通过水位表显示水位的高低,以指示锅炉内水面的位置,司炉人员依此进行正确操作,保证锅炉安全运转。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">中小型锅炉常用的水位表有玻璃管式水位表和玻璃板式水位表两种。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">1.</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">玻璃管式水位表由汽旋塞<span lang="EN-US">,</span>接气连管的法兰,玻璃管,接水连管法兰<span lang="EN-US">,</span>水旋塞,放水旋塞和放水管构成,玻璃管是用耐热玻璃制作<span lang="EN-US">,</span>公称直径通常有<span lang="EN-US">15mm</span>和<span lang="EN-US">20mm</span>两种,一般使用于工作压力小于<span lang="EN-US">1.25Mpa</span>的小型锅炉上。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">2. </span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">玻璃板式水位表<span lang="EN-US">,</span>它与玻璃管水位表的不同点在于由玻璃板代替了玻璃管<span lang="EN-US">,</span>并具有安装玻璃板的金属框盒和压盖<span lang="EN-US">,</span>平板玻璃嵌在金属框盒中,玻璃板与框盒之间垫有石棉橡胶板<span lang="EN-US">,</span>同时用螺钉将压盖紧压在框盒中<span lang="EN-US">,</span>使框盒,玻璃板,压盖三者严密配合不漏气。平板玻璃表面开有垂直的三棱形沟槽<span lang="EN-US">,</span>由于光线在沟槽内的折射作用,水位表的蒸汽部分便显示银白色<span lang="EN-US">,</span>而有水的部分则颜色阴暗<span lang="EN-US">,</span>使汽水分界线非常明显先。此种水位表应用广泛。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>四<span lang="EN-US">.</span>高低水位报警器<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">其作用是:当锅炉内的水位高于最高安全水位或低于最低安全水位时,高低水位报警器就自动发出报警声响,提醒司炉人员迅速采取措施,防止发生事故。因此为了保证锅炉水位正常,对额定蒸发量大于或等于<span lang="EN-US">2t/h</span>的锅炉,除装设水位表外,还应装设高低水位报警器。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>五<span lang="EN-US">.</span>测量温度的仪表<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">温度是热力系统的重要状态参数之一<span lang="EN-US">.</span>蒸汽锅炉生产的蒸汽,热水锅炉热水出口温度,烟气温度是否满足要求,以及风机和水泵等设备运行时温升是否在许可的范围内,都依靠温度仪表对温度的测量来进行监视。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">锅炉上常用的温度仪表有:膨胀温度计,光学温度计和热电偶温度计。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">1</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">.膨胀温度计是根据液体体积随温度变化而变化的物理特性制成的。一般用水银,酒精等作为工作液体。在锅炉上使用最多的是玻璃管水银温度计,因为它的测量范围大(<span lang="EN-US">-30</span>~<span lang="EN-US">500</span> ),精度较高,构造简单,价格便宜。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">2</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">.光学温度计通常被用来测量炉膛温度。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>六<span lang="EN-US">.</span>排污及放水装置<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">锅筒及每个回路下集箱的最低处都应装排污阀或放水阀。排污阀或放水阀宜采用闸阀或直流式截止阀。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>七<span lang="EN-US">.</span>常用阀门     <span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>    阀门是安装在锅炉及其管路上,用以控制和调节汽水系统的附件。   <span lang="EN-US"> .</span>主汽阀,常用的主汽阀形式有闸阀和截止阀。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">1.</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">闸阀,主要由阀体,闸板,阀杆螺母,压盖和手柄等部件组成。闸阀的优点:介质通过时为直线流动,阻力小,流速平稳。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">2.</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">截止阀,主要由阀体,阀盖,阀杆,阀杆螺母,填料和手轮等部件组成。截止阀结构简单,密风性能好,制造和修理方便,是目前使用最广泛的一种阀门。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">3.</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">主汽阀的使用常识。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>a. </span>安装时应注意方向。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>b. </span>不能将丝扣连接的阀门装置在主蒸汽管道上。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>c. </span>开关主汽阀时,旋转手轮的动作要缓慢,不应使用撬棍和管钳进行操作。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>d. </span>应保持主汽阀的洁净和灵活。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>e.</span>如阀门关闭后仍有内漏,应尽可能及时进行检修研磨。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>给水阀<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">给水阀主要是用来调节锅炉给水流量和切段给水通路。常用的给水阀有闸阀和截止阀两种。给水阀应装在便于操作的地方。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>(三)止回阀<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;">止回阀又称逆止阀和单向阀。它是利用流体的压力变化而启闭的。锅炉通常用它来防止汽,水倒流。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>止回阀有升降式和旋启式两种结构形式。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>止回阀的安装注意事项:<span lang="EN-US"><br/>a.</span>给水止回阀一定要与给水截止阀配合使用,不允许单独把止回阀安装在管路上。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>b.</span>安装时必须使介质流动方向与阀体上箭头方向一致,决不允许装反。<span lang="EN-US"><br/>c.</span>止回阀必须安装在水平管路上。<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>(四)排汽阀<span lang="EN-US"><br/></span>  热水锅炉每一个回路的最高处及锅筒最高处或出水管上都应安装设公称通径不小于<span lang="EN-US">20mm</span>的排汽阀。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;"><p></p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;"><p></p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312;"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p>
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