水力发电的基本原理:

<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">水力发电就是利用水力</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">(</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">具有水头</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">推动水力机械</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">(</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">水轮机</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">转动</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">,</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">将水能转变为机械能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">,</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">如果在水轮机上接上另一种机械</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">(</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">发电机</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">随着水轮机转动便可发出电来</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">,</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">这时机械能又转变为电能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">.</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">水力发电在某种意义上讲是水的势能变成机械能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">,</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">又变成电能的转</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">"</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">换过程</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">.</span><p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">水力资源的开发方式是按照集中落差而选定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">,</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">大致有三种基本方式</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">:</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">即堤坝式、引水式和混合式等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">.</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">但这三种开发方式还要各适用一定的河段自然条件</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">.</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">按不同的开发方式修建起来的水电站</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">,</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">其枢纽布置、建筑物组成等也截然不同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">,</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">故水电站也随之而分为堤坝式、引水式和混合式三种基本类型</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">. </span></span></p><p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">流量：是指性单位时间内水流通过河流</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">(</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">或水工建筑物</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">过水断面的体积</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">,</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">以立方米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">/</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">秒表示</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">。</span></span></span></p><p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">径流总量：是指在一个水文年内通过河流该断面水流总量之和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">,</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">104m3</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">108m3</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">表示</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">。</span></span></span></p><p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 宋体;">多年平均流量：是指河流断面按已有水文系列计算的多年流量平均值</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial;">。</span></span></span></p>