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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">工业革命前<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">产品质量由各个工匠或手艺人自己控制<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1875年 <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">泰勒制诞生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">科学管理的开端<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最初的质量管理</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">检验活动与其他职能分离,出现了专职的检验员和独立的检验部门。<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1925年 <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">休哈特提出统计过程控制(<span lang="EN-US">SPC)理论</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">应用统计技术对生产过程进行监控,以减少对检验的依赖。<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1930年 <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">道奇和罗明提出统计抽样检验方法。<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1940年代 <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美国贝尔电话公司应用统计质量控制技术取得成效;<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美国军方资供应商在军需物中推进统计质量控制技术的应用;<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美国军方制定了战时标准<span lang="EN-US">Z1.1、Z1.2、Z1.3</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最初的质量管理标准。三个标准以休哈特、道奇、罗明的理论为基础。<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1950年代 <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">戴明提出质量改进的观点</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在休哈特之后系统和科学地提出用统计学的方法进行质量和生产力的持续改进;强调大多数质量问题是生产和经营系统的问题;强调最高管理层对质量管理的责任。此后,戴明不断完善他的理论,最终形成了对质量管理产生重大影响的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">戴明十四法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">开始开发提高可靠性的专门方法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">可靠性工程开始形成<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1958年 <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美国军方制定了<span lang="EN-US">MIL-Q-8958A等系列军用质量管理标准</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在<span lang="EN-US">MIL-Q-9858A中提出了</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">质量保证</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的概念,并在西方工业社会产生影响。<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1960年代初 <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">朱兰、费根堡姆提出全面质量管理的概念</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他们提出,为了生产具有合理成本和较高质量的产品,以适应市场的要求,只注意个别部门的活动是不够的,需要对覆盖所有职能部门的质量活动策划。<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">戴明、朱兰、费根堡姆的全面质量管理理论在日本被普遍接受。日本 企业创造了全面质量控制(<span lang="EN-US">TQC)的质量管理方法。统计技术,特别是</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因果图</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">流程图</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">直方图</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">检查单</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">散点图</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">排列图</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">控制图</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等被称为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">老七种</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">工具的方法,被普遍用于质量改进。<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1960年代中 <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">北大西洋公约组织(<span lang="EN-US">NATO)制定了AQAP质量管理系列标准</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AQAP标准以MIL-Q-9858A等质量管理标准为蓝本。所不同的是,AQAP引入了设计质量控制的要求。 <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1970年代 <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TQC使日本企业的竞争力极大地提高,其中,轿车、家用电器、手表、电子产品等占领了大批国际市场。因此促进了日本经济的极大发展。日本企业的成功,使全面质量管理的理论在世界范围内产生巨大影响。 <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日本质量管理学家对质量管理的理论和方法的发展作出了巨大贡献。<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这一时期产生了石川馨、田口玄一等世界著名质量管理专家。<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这一时期产生的管理方法和技术包括:<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">JIT</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">—</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">准时化生产<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kanben</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">—</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">看板生产<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaizen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">—</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">质量改进<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">QFD</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">—</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">质量功能展开<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">田口方法<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新七种工具<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由于田口博士的努力和贡献,质量工程学开始形成并得到巨大发展。<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1979年 <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英国制定了国家质量管理标准<span lang="EN-US">BS5750</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">将军方合同环境下使用的质量保证方法引入市场环境。这标志着质量保证标准不仅对军用物资装备的生产,而且对整个工业界产生影响。<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1980年代 <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">菲利浦<span lang="EN-US">.克罗斯比提出</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">零缺陷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的概念。他指出,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">质量是免费的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。突破了传统上认为高质量是以低成本为代价的观念。他提出高质量将给企业带来高的经济回报。<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">质量运动在许多国家展开。包括中国、美国、欧洲等许多国家设立了国家质量管理奖,以激励企业通过质量管理提高生产力和竞争力。质量管理不仅被引入生产企业,而且被引入服务业,甚至医院、机关和学校。许多企业的高层领导开始关注质量管理。全面质量管理作为一种战略管理模式进入企业。<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1987年 <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISO9000系列国际质量管理标准问世</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">质量管理和质量保证对全世界<span lang="EN-US">1987年版的ISO9000标准很大程度上基于BS5750。质量管理与质量保证开始在世界范围内对经济和贸易活动产生影响。 <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1994年 <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISO9000系列标准改版</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新的<span lang="EN-US">ISO9000标准更加完善,为世界绝大多数国家所采用。第三方质量认证普遍开展,有力地促进了质量管理的普及和管理水平的提高。<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">朱兰博士提出:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">即将到来的世纪是质量的世纪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1990年代末 <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">全面质量管理(<span lang="EN-US">TQM)成为许多</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世界级</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">企业的成功经验证明是一种使企业获得核心竞争力的管理战略。质量的概念也从狭义的符合规范发展到以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">顾客满意</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为目标。全面质量管理不仅提高了产品与服务的质量,而且在企业文化改造与重组的层面上,对企业产生深刻的影响,使企业获得持久的竞争能力。<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在围绕提高质量、降低成本、缩短开发和生产周期方面,新的管理方法层出不穷。其中包括:并行工程(<span lang="EN-US">CE)、企业流程再造(BPR)等。 <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2000年代<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">随着知识经济的到来,知识创新与管理创新必将极大地促进质量的迅速提高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">包括生产和服务的质量、工作质量、学习质量、直至人们的生活质量。质量管理的理论和方法将更加丰富,并将不断突破旧的范畴而获得极大的发展。<span lang="EN-US">
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